This definitions covers Key Definitions within Genetic Engineering for GCSE Biology. Genetic modification, gene therapy, and biotechnology applications It is section 5 of 11 in this topic. Make sure you can use the exact wording confidently, because definition marks are often lost through vague language.
Topic position
Section 5 of 11
Practice
25 questions
Recall
20 flashcards
Key Definitions
Genetic engineering: The direct modification of an organism's genome by inserting, deleting, or altering specific genes using molecular biology techniques.
Restriction enzyme: A molecular "scissors" enzyme that recognises and cuts a specific DNA sequence, leaving sticky ends that allow other DNA fragments to be joined on.
Ligase: An enzyme that joins (ligates) DNA fragments together by forming covalent bonds between sticky ends — acts as molecular "glue."
Vector: A carrier used to transfer a gene into a host organism. Common vectors include bacterial plasmids and viruses.
Plasmid: A small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule found in bacteria, separate from the bacterial chromosome. Used as a vector in genetic engineering.
GM organism (genetically modified organism): An organism that has had its genome altered by the insertion of a gene from another organism using genetic engineering.
Golden rice: A genetically modified variety of rice that has been engineered to produce beta-carotene (a precursor of vitamin A) in the edible grain, developed to address vitamin A deficiency in developing countries.
Gene therapy: A technique that introduces, alters, or replaces genetic material within a person's cells to treat or prevent disease, such as inserting a functional copy of a faulty gene.