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Quiz yourself on Urban Growth and the Global Urban WorldGet your flashcardsBuild my revision planTrack my progress🧠 Remember Lagos With TOSH + OPEN
Two mnemonics to organise your Lagos knowledge for the exam.
TOSH — The Four Challenges of Rapid Urban Growth in Lagos:
- T — Traffic — some of the worst congestion on Earth; 3–5 hours commuting per day; $1bn/year productivity loss
- O — Overcrowding and informal housing — 60–70% in informal settlements; Makoko (100,000 on stilts); 30,000 evicted 2012
- S — Sanitation and water — 40% lack clean water; open drains; cholera outbreaks; lagoon pollution
- H — Hazards (flooding and environment) — Victoria Island floods; sea-level rise; e-waste; coastal erosion
OPEN — The Four Opportunities Urban Growth Creates in Lagos:
- O — One billion dollars — Nollywood generates $1bn/year; world's second-largest film industry
- P — Port and finance — Africa's largest stock exchange; leading financial centre; major port
- E — Education and services — Lagos University; teaching hospitals; far better access than rural Nigeria
- N — New tech (Yabacon Valley) — Flutterwave, Paystack; fintech revolution; 200,000 BRT passengers/day
In the exam, TOSH gives you your challenges; OPEN gives you your opportunities. A balanced 8-mark answer uses both.
Push and Pull — remember the key distinction: Push factors are about what you're escaping from (drought, job losses, conflict). Pull factors are about what you're drawn towards (wages, services, networks). Push comes first in time — something has to make you leave before you decide where to go.
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