Endothermic Reactions

ChemistryAQAGCSEUnit: Energy Changes
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The basics

The Chemistry of Cold

📖 The Chemistry of Cold

You've twisted an instant cold pack after a sports injury, and felt it become icy cold in your hands. No refrigeration needed — just chemistry! Inside, a barrier breaks and ammonium nitrate dissolves in water. But this isn't just mixing — it's a chemical process that ABSORBS energy from its surroundings (your injured ankle). The reaction needs energy to happen, so it steals heat from whatever is nearby. This is endothermic in action — the same principle that allows plants to capture sunlight and convert it into food through photosynthesis.
🧊 The Ice Pack Analogy

Endothermic reactions are like ice packs — they absorb heat! Think "enter" — energy ENTERS the reaction from the surroundings. That's why your hands feel colder, the test tube gets cold, or the beaker frosts up. The products have MORE energy than the reactants — they've absorbed that extra energy from you!

What is an endothermic reaction?: A reaction that absorbs/takes in energy from the surroundings
Key terms

Chemistry glossary

What is an endothermic reaction?
A reaction that absorbs/takes in energy from the surroundings
Spotlight
How It Works: Why Energy is Absorbed

In any chemical reaction, bonds in the reactants must be broken (requiring energy input) and new bonds are formed in the products (releasing energy). In an endothermic reaction, the energy needed to break the bonds in the reactants is GREATER than the energy released when new bonds form in the products.

Exam tip

Earn the mark scheme marks

🧠 Memory Aids

ENDO = IN = energy goes IN from surroundings = temperature goes DOWN

The "endo" prefix means "inside" or "within". Energy enters the chemical system from the surroundings, cooling them down. Cold packs, photosynthesis, and dissolving ammonium nitrate all pull heat IN.

ΔH sign rule: ENDO = ENTERS = positive — positive energy change means energy is gained by the system

Endothermic → ΔH is POSITIVE (the system gains energy, so the change is positive)

On the energy profile: "ENDothermic ENDS higher — the products are higher up on the diagram than the reactants."

Exo vs Endo summary: "EXO = EXit (out, hot), ENDO = ENter (in, cold)"

Now try it yourself

Quiz · Question 1 of 20

In an endothermic reaction, energy is:

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