GuidesHistoryPaper 2 · last-minute revision
3 days to go

GCSE History Paper 2: last-minute revision

Three days left. Paper 2 splits into Medicine Through Time and Restoration England. One topic spans a thousand years, the other covers 25. Here's what actually gets tested and how to structure the answers that score.

AQA 8145
The plan

Your 3-day plan

One focus per day, building to a timed run. Work it in order.

3
3 days to go

Medicine: public health and the germ theory breakthrough

  • Learn public health across every period: medieval (no understanding of cause), 19th century (cholera, Chadwick's report, the 1875 Public Health Act), and 20th century (the NHS). This topic has appeared in 5 of 5 sessions analysed.
  • Learn Pasteur's germ theory (1861) and how it changed medicine from guesswork to science. Pair it with Jenner's vaccination work (1796), since exam questions regularly ask you to compare the two.
  • Build one timeline covering medieval ideas, the Black Death, the Renaissance, Jenner, germ theory, and penicillin in order. Medicine Through Time rewards students who can place any fact on the right part of the timeline.
2
2 days to go

Medicine: the factor essay and the Historic Environment

  • Revise all five possible essay factors (science and technology, war, government, chance, and the individual) with one strong named example for each (Fleming and chance, WW1 and blood transfusion advances, the NHS and government).
  • Learn how the Historic Environment site links to public health, surgery or the wider Medicine topic. Check which site your school studied and revise its detail specifically, since this is the most site-specific question on the paper.
  • Practise the explain-similarity question format: pick two people or events from different periods and write two developed similarities, not just two facts side by side.
1
1 day to go

Restoration England and full timed practice

  • Revise trade and the economy under Charles II (the slave trade, coffee houses, colonies like Tangier and Jamaica). This topic has driven the 16-mark essay in 3 of the last 5 sessions.
  • Learn the Great Fire of London and Restoration theatre in detail. These are the two dominant interpretation topics, appearing in 4 of the last 5 sessions between them.
  • Do one full timed Medicine section and one full timed Restoration section from a past paper and mark both against a real scheme, checking specifically for named evidence and structure.
Priority order

The topics that come up most

Ranked from analysed past papers. Start at the top: if you run out of time, you will have covered the most-tested ground.

1

Public health across the periods

Appeared in every single one of the 5 sessions analysed, either as the source-utility question or the explain-similarity question. The single most reliable topic on the whole paper. Know medieval, 19th-century and 20th-century public health.

2

Germ theory and Pasteur

Appeared 4 times across 5 sessions, including as the 16-mark factor essay in June 2024. Always paired with Jenner or Koch in comparison questions, so learn all three individuals together.

3

The creation of the NHS

Tested 4 times across 5 sessions, including as an 8-mark significance question and a 16-mark government-factor essay. Know the 1948 date, the principle of free healthcare, and its link to the Beveridge Report.

4

Jenner and vaccination

Appeared 3 times, most often paired against Koch or germ theory in the explain-similarity question. Learn 1796, cowpox, and why his method was scientific but he didn't understand WHY it worked.

5

Penicillin and Fleming

Tested 3 times, usually as the strongest example of the 'chance' factor in the essay question. Know 1928, the mould contaminating Fleming's dish, and why mass production only happened during WW2.

6

Trade and the economy under Charles II

Drove the 16-mark Historic Environment essay in 3 of the last 5 sessions (Tangier, coffee houses, Jamaica), the most predictable topic in the Restoration essay slot. Know the slave trade, key colonies, and the growth of coffee houses.

7

Restoration theatre and culture

Appeared 3 times across 5 sessions, including twice in the same session (June 2023). Know why theatres reopened in 1660, what changed (actresses on stage for the first time), and Charles II's role.

8

The Great Fire of London

Tested 3 times, including twice in the 8-mark interpretation-convincing slot. Know the September 1666 date, why it spread so fast (wooden houses, strong wind, narrow streets), and its consequences for rebuilding.

Your Knowledge Organisers

PrepWise has a one-page Knowledge Organiser for every topic above. In your final 3 days, use them the same way each time: cover the page, try to recall everything from memory, uncover and check what you missed, then repeat that topic again tomorrow.

Open the History Knowledge Organisers
Cheat sheet

Exam technique

Rules specific to Paper 2. On this paper, structure earns as many marks as knowledge.

1

Medicine's source-utility question (Q1, 8 marks) needs content, provenance AND your own knowledge

'How useful is Source A to a historian studying X?' wants three things: what the source shows, who produced it and why (does that make it more or less reliable?), and how your OWN knowledge of the period supports or challenges what it claims. A pure content summary with no evaluation will not reach the top level.

2

Explain-significance and explain-similarity (Q2 and Q3, 8 marks each) need depth, not breadth

Q2 asks you to explain why something mattered. Give the immediate effect AND the longer-term consequence. Q3 asks for similarities between two people or events from different periods. Give two developed similarities, each explained with evidence from both sides, rather than four shallow points.

3

The Medicine factor essay (Q4, 16+4 marks) always needs the named factor plus at least one rival

Whichever factor is named in the question (science, war, government, chance, or the individual), explain it in depth with a strong example, then explain at least one other factor, then directly compare which mattered more in your conclusion. The 4 SPaG marks reward full sentences and paragraphs: never bullet points here.

4

Restoration's interpretation question (Q1, 8 marks) is about HOW convincing, using your own knowledge

'How convincing is Interpretation A about X?' wants you to test the interpretation's claim against what you actually know about the period. State what the interpretation argues, then use specific evidence to say whether that argument holds up. Don't just agree with it because it sounds reasonable.

5

The Historic Environment essay (Q4, 16 marks) must use the named site as your main evidence

Whatever site is named (a specific building, place or event), your answer must be built primarily around that site's own evidence, supported by your wider period knowledge, not the other way round. Answers that ignore the named site and just write everything they know about Restoration trade will lose marks for relevance.

Avoid these

5 mistakes that cost marks

The errors examiners see most on this paper. Each one is an easy mark you already know how to keep.

Describing a source instead of judging its utilityRetelling what a source says is not evaluation. Always follow content with a judgement: is this useful because of who wrote it, when, and what your own knowledge tells you about whether it's accurate?

Explaining only one factor in the 16+4 essayThe named factor alone will not get you into the top level. You must explain at least one other factor and directly weigh the two against each other in your conclusion: 'X was more important than Y because...'

Writing about the wrong period for the questionMedicine Through Time spans c.1250 to the present. Read the dates in the question carefully. 'Medieval' answers about the Renaissance, or 'modern' answers about the medieval period, score zero on relevance even if the facts are accurate.

Ignoring the named Historic Environment siteThe 16-mark essay names a specific place or event for a reason. General Restoration knowledge with no reference to the named site caps your mark. Always start and end your paragraphs by returning to the site itself.

No specific evidence, just general statements'The Great Fire caused a lot of damage' is vague. 'The Great Fire of September 1666 destroyed over 13,000 houses and 87 churches, including old St Paul's Cathedral' is specific and scores higher. Attach a date, number, or named detail to every claim.

Exam day

The morning of the exam

The 60 minutes before you walk in. Review what you know and settle your nerves.

  • Skim your Knowledge Organisers for public health and germ theory/Jenner, the two most reliable Medicine topics.
  • Re-read your notes on trade and the economy under Charles II and the Great Fire, the two most tested Restoration topics.
  • Check which Historic Environment site your school studied and re-read its specific detail one last time.
  • Remind yourself of the factor-essay rule: explain the named factor, then at least one rival factor, then compare them directly.
  • Check you have a black pen, a spare pen, and your exam equipment ready the night before, not the morning of.
  • Do not learn new content this morning. Only review what you already know and settle your nerves.

Now test yourself

Knowing the content is only half of it. Practise exam-style History questions in PrepWise, get marked instantly, and check your answers are built the way the mark scheme wants.

Practise History questions

Start the 3-day plan now

Open the History Knowledge Organisers, quiz every priority topic and walk in ready. Free during alpha.

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