Higher Blood Types and Transfusions
Part of Blood Components and Vessels — GCSE Biology
This higher tier covers Higher Blood Types and Transfusions within Blood Components and Vessels for GCSE Biology. Blood composition, red and white blood cells, platelets, plasma, blood vessel structure and function, adaptations for transport It is section 12 of 16 in this topic. This section is most useful once the core foundation idea is secure, because it adds the detail that pushes answers higher.
Topic position
Section 12 of 16
Practice
18 questions
Recall
24 flashcards
Higher Blood Types and Transfusions
ABO Blood Group System
Blood types are determined by antigens on red blood cell surfaces:
- Type A: A antigens on red blood cells; anti-B antibodies in plasma
- Type B: B antigens on red blood cells; anti-A antibodies in plasma
- Type AB: Both A and B antigens; no antibodies (universal recipient for red cells)
- Type O: No antigens; both anti-A and anti-B antibodies (universal donor for red cells)
If incompatible blood is transfused, the recipient's antibodies bind to the donor's antigens, causing agglutination (clumping) of red blood cells. This can block blood vessels and is potentially fatal.
Rhesus Factor
- Rh positive: Have the Rh antigen on red blood cell surfaces (approximately 85% of the UK population)
- Rh negative: Lack the Rh antigen
- Clinical importance: Critical for blood transfusion compatibility and in pregnancy — if an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus, she may produce anti-Rh antibodies that attack subsequent Rh-positive pregnancies
