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Factor	Natural Causes	Human Causes
Speed of change	Over thousands to millions of years	Over decades — 100× faster than natural post-ice-age change
Direction	Both warming and cooling (volcanoes cool; orbital cycles drive both)	Consistently warming since ~1950
IPCC attribution	Accounts for less than 10% of post-1950 warming	Dominant driver of all post-1950 warming ("unequivocal")
CO₂ signature	Natural CO₂ range: 180–280 ppm over 800,000 years	CO₂ now 421 ppm — 50% above natural maximum in 3 million years
Example	Milankovitch cycles: 20,000–100,000-year orbital shifts; Pinatubo 1991: 0.5°C cooling for 1–2 years	Fossil fuel burning: 38 billion tonnes CO₂/year; deforestation: 15% of emissions

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