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HASA — The Four Erosion Processes
H — Hydraulic action — air compression in cracks → pressure release → rock fractures
A — Abrasion — sediment as sandpaper → grinds down cliff face and wave-cut platform
S — Solution — acid seawater dissolves limestone/chalk → chemical attack
A — Attrition — sediment particles collide → get smaller and rounder → boulder to pebble to sand
Remember the difference: H, A and S attack cliffs. The second A (Attrition) acts on sediment in transit — it rounds pebbles, not cliffs.
CASE — Factors Affecting Erosion Rate
C — Cliffs (rock type): soft clay or chalk erodes fast; hard granite resists
A — Arrival of waves (fetch): long fetch = high-energy destructive waves
S — Sand and beach: wide beach absorbs energy; no beach = direct cliff attack
E — Engineering and climate change: sea walls and groynes change sediment budget; sea level rise accelerates everything
The Headland Sequence: C — A — S — S
Cave → Arch → Stack → Stump. Each stage in the destruction of a headland begins with hydraulic action exploiting a weakness and ends with the complete collapse and erosion of the remaining structure.
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