Theme: Responsibility & Abandonment

English LiteratureAQAGCSEUnit: Frankenstein
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The basics

The Night He Ran

📖 The Night He Ran

A dreary night in November. Two years of work — months of grave-robbing, of stitching, of obsessive isolation — and then a yellow eye opens. Victor Frankenstein does not reach out. He does not speak. He runs.

Shelley makes the abandonment happen before the Creature has said a word or committed a single act. Every murder that follows, every act of violence, every grief that reaches Walton's Arctic ship — all of it flows from a man who ran from a yellow eye on a November night.

What is a frame narrative, and why does Shelley use one in Frankenstein?: A frame narrative is a story-within-a-story structure. In Frankenstein: • Outermost frame: Walton's letters to his sister • Second layer: Victor's confession to Walton • Innermost layer: The Creature's autobiography, told to Victor Shelley uses the frame to make the moral argument about responsibility structural rather than stated. Each narrator passes the story on but never fully acts on it — which mirrors the novel's central problem: narrating guilt is not the same as accepting accountability. The form embodies the theme.
Key terms

English Literature glossary

What is a frame narrative, and why does Shelley use one in Frankenstein?
A frame narrative is a story-within-a-story structure. In Frankenstein: • Outermost frame: Walton's letters to his sister • Second layer: Victor's confession to Walton • Innermost layer: The Creature's autobiography, told to Victor Shelley uses the frame to make the moral argument about responsibility structural rather than stated. Each narrator passes the story on but never fully acts on it — which mirrors the novel's central problem: narrating guilt is not the same as accepting accountability. The form embodies the theme.
Spotlight
Stage 1: ABANDONMENT — The Original Sin (Chapters 5–8)

Shelley positions Victor's flight from the Creature in Chapter 5 as the novel's original sin — the act from which all tragedy unfolds. Victor creates and immediately abandons. He flees to his bedroom, the Creature disappears into the night, and Victor congratulates himself on a fevered sleep. The parent has refused the

Exam tip

Earn the mark scheme marks

🧠 Remember the Trajectory: ABANDONMENT → COMPLICITY → CONSEQUENCE

AABANDONMENT (Ch.5): Victor creates, then flees. The original sin. The Creature is left without name, language, or love.

CCOMPLICITY (Ch.10–20): Victor silences himself at Justine's trial; destroys the female Creature. He does not kill — but his inaction kills.

CCONSEQUENCE (Ch.21–24): Every person Victor loves dies. Only the Creature takes responsibility at the end — by destroying himself.

Mnemonic: A-C-C — Abandoned Creation Condemns

Now try it yourself

Quiz · Question 1 of 10

In the Creature's final speech (Chapter 24), which word does the Creature use to describe himself as something cast off and unwanted — connecting his state directly to Victor's act of abandonment?

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