Exam Connection — GCSE Geography

Paper: OCR B (J384) Paper 2, People and Society: UK in the 21st Century

Typical OCR Question Types for This Topic:

• "Describe the north-south divide in the UK." [2–3 marks] — Two or three specific pieces of evidence with data. "London's GDP per head is over £63,000 compared to about £27,000 in the North East" earns marks; "the North is poorer" does not.
• "Explain why deindustrialisation increased the north-south divide." [4 marks] — Two explained reasons with a causal mechanism. Link: cheap imports → factory closures → northern unemployment → migration south → tax base falls → less investment → divide widens.
• "Assess the success of urban regeneration in reducing the effects of deindustrialisation." [6 marks] — Use Salford Quays/MediaCityUK. Evidence of success: 10,000+ jobs, £1 billion investment, BBC relocation. Critical evaluation: jobs brought from London not created locally; gentrification; Salford remains in top 10% most deprived authorities. Reach a supported judgement.
• "Explain the causes and consequences of an ageing population in the UK." [6 marks] — Causes: falling birth rate (1.49 vs replacement 2.1) plus increasing life expectancy. Consequences: NHS pressure, pension costs, labour shortages, housing demand from smaller households.

Level 1 → Level 2 → Level 3:

Level 1: "The UK has a north-south divide." — Bare assertion with no evidence or explanation. Minimal marks.

Level 2: "The north-south divide exists because deindustrialisation in the 1970s–80s destroyed manufacturing in northern cities when cheap imports from newly industrialised countries undercut UK products. London grew because it transitioned to financial and service industries, particularly after the 1986 Big Bang deregulation." — Causal explanation with mechanisms and a specific named example.

Level 3: "The north-south divide has a self-reinforcing dynamic: as skilled workers migrate to London for higher wages, northern cities lose the skilled workers needed to attract investment, which depresses wages further, which drives more skilled workers away. MediaCityUK (Salford) demonstrates that regeneration is possible — but the BBC's move brought London workers north rather than employing local people, illustrating how regeneration can fail to address underlying inequality. The divide is now measurable in life expectancy terms (83 years in Kensington vs 74 in Blackpool) and represents a post-industrial scar that government policy, from the Northern Powerhouse to Levelling Up, has so far failed to close — most visibly shown by the 2023 cancellation of the northern part of HS2, which removed the biggest connectivity improvement the North was due to receive." — Feedback mechanism + specific case study evidence + critical evaluation of policy effectiveness.

GCSE Geography Command Words:

• Describe: State what you observe with specific statistics — do not explain why
• Explain: Give reasons with mechanisms — "because" must appear; link cause explicitly to effect
• Assess: Weigh up evidence for and against; reach a supported judgement at the end
• Justify: Give reasons for your choice or conclusion, backed by specific data, place names, and dates, not generalisations