Knowledge Organiser: The Changing UK Economy

Deindustrialisation: decline of manufacturing; UK went from ~8m manufacturing jobs (1970) to ~2.5m (2020)
Post-industrial economy: services (80% GDP) and knowledge industries replace manufacturing
North-South divide: persistent regional inequality — London £57k GVA per head vs Northeast £23k
Regeneration: investment to transform declining post-industrial areas
Gentrification: rising prices displace original lower-income residents from regenerated areas
Levelling Up: government policy to reduce regional inequality — limited impact so far
TNC: transnational corporation operating in multiple countries (Nissan, BBC, Amazon)

London GVA per head: ~£57,000
Northeast England GVA per head: ~£23,000
Life expectancy gap: 8+ years (Blackpool vs Kensington)
London receives ~60% of UK private investment (13% of population)
Causes: historical industrial geography + London as financial hub + cumulative advantage
Jarrow: 67% unemployment when shipyard closed

Evidence it works: investment attracted, jobs created, image improved, transport links, cultural facilities
Evidence of limits: skills mismatch, gentrification, adjacent deprivation, incomers get jobs not original residents
Judgement: regeneration changes places more easily than it changes lives
PRIDE: Post-industrial shift, Regional inequality, Industrial decline causes, Deindustrialisation effects, Evidence (Salford Quays)

Saying deindustrialisation was simply "factories closing": Explain the causes — cheaper overseas labour, containerisation replacing dock workers, globalisation shifting manufacturing to NEEs — the process needs a causal chain
Claiming regeneration fully solves deprivation: Salford Quays created 7,000+ jobs but adjacent areas remain highly deprived; skills mismatch means original residents often cannot access the new jobs — always evaluate limits
Ignoring the north-south divide with data: "The north is poorer than the south" scores nothing — use specific figures: London GVA per head ~£57,000 vs Northeast ~£23,000; 8+ year life expectancy gap between Blackpool and Kensington
Confusing primary, secondary and tertiary sectors: The UK's economic shift is from secondary (manufacturing) to tertiary (services) and quaternary (knowledge industries) — be precise about which sector is growing or declining

YES it works because: new investment attracted, jobs created, image improved, derelict land returned to use, transport links improved
BUT limitations because: skills mismatch, gentrification, adjacent deprivation, high-paid jobs go to incomers not original residents
Overall judgement: regeneration can transform a physical place more easily than it can transform the lives of the people who have been left behind by deindustrialisation

The UK Economy and Regional Change, Knowledge Organiser