Exothermic Reactions

ChemistryAQAGCSEUnit: Energy Changes
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The basics

The Chemistry of Warmth

📖 The Chemistry of Warmth

On a freezing winter's day, you snap a hand warmer and feel it heat up in your pocket. That warmth isn't coming from nowhere — it's being released by a chemical reaction happening inside. Iron powder is reacting with oxygen in the air, and the energy stored in the bonds of the reactants is greater than the energy in the products. The difference? It escapes as heat into your cold hands. This is an exothermic reaction — from combustion keeping you warm at home, to the respiration happening in every cell of your body right now.
🔥 The Hand Warmer Analogy

Exothermic reactions are like hand warmers — they release heat! Think "exit" — energy EXITS the reaction and enters the surroundings. That's why your hands feel warmer, the test tube gets hot, or combustion keeps you cosy. The products have LESS energy than the reactants — the difference escapes as heat!

What is an exothermic reaction?: A reaction that releases/transfers energy to the surroundings
Key terms

Chemistry glossary

What is an exothermic reaction?
A reaction that releases/transfers energy to the surroundings
Spotlight
How It Works: Why Energy is Released

Every chemical reaction involves breaking existing bonds in the reactants and forming new bonds in the products. Breaking bonds always requires energy (it is endothermic). Forming new bonds always releases energy (it is exothermic).

Exam tip

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🧠 Memory Aids

EXO = EXIT = energy EXITS to surroundings = temperature goes UP

The "exo" prefix means "outside" or "exit". Energy exits the chemical system and goes into the surroundings, warming them up. Hand warmers, fires, and explosions all release heat — they all EXOT energy OUT.

ΔH sign rule: EXO = EXtra (negative) — you gain extra heat in the surroundings

Exothermic → ΔH is NEGATIVE (the system loses energy, so the change is negative)

On the energy profile: "EXothermic EXits — the products EXIT below the reactants on the diagram."

Now try it yourself

Quiz · Question 1 of 20

In an exothermic reaction, energy is transferred:

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