Resistance & Ohm's Law

PhysicsAQAGCSEUnit: Electricity
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The basics

The Narrow Pipe Problem

🔌 The Narrow Pipe Problem

Imagine trying to push water through different pipes. A wide, smooth pipe offers little resistance — water flows easily. A narrow, rough pipe resists the flow — you need more pressure to push the same amount through. Electrical resistance works the same way. A thick copper wire has low resistance; a thin nichrome wire has high resistance. The equation V = IR tells you that for a given voltage, higher resistance means less current can flow.
Spotlight
Understanding Resistance and Ohm's Law

Ohm's Law states that the voltage across a component is directly proportional to the current through it, provided temperature stays constant: V = I × R (Voltage in volts = Current in amps × Resistance in ohms). Rearranged: R = V ÷ I (to find resistance) and I = V ÷ R (to find current). A component is ohmic if it obeys

Exam tip

Earn the mark scheme marks

🧠 Memory Aid

VIR Triangle — "Very Important Relationship":

Write V at the top, I and R at the bottom. Cover the letter you want to find: V on top alone = I × R; I on bottom-left = V ÷ R; R on bottom-right = V ÷ I.

Non-ohmic components — "FDT Changes":

Filament lamp, Diode, Thermistor — these three all have changing resistance. Everything else (fixed resistors) is ohmic.

Thermistor vs LDR — "Hot is Less, Bright is Less":

Hotter thermistor = less resistance. Brighter LDR = less resistance. Both sensors work the same way — the thing they detect reduces their resistance.

Wire resistance factors — "LAMT":

Length (more = more R), Area (more = less R), Material, Temperature.

Now try it yourself

Quiz · Question 1 of 16

Which of the following best describes electrical resistance?

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