Half-Life

PhysicsAQAGCSEUnit: Atomic Structure
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The basics

⏳ Counting Down the Atoms

⏳ Counting Down the Atoms

Imagine you have a jar of 1,000 unstable atoms. After one hour, 500 have decayed. After another hour, 250 remain. Then 125, then 62, then 31... The jar never fully empties — you always have half of what you started with each time the same interval passes. This predictable halving is called half-life, and it's one of the most powerful tools in science: archaeologists use it to date ancient artefacts, doctors use it to choose medical tracers, and geologists use it to date rocks billions of years old.
What is half-life?: Half-life is the time taken for half the unstable nuclei in a radioactive sample to decay, or the time for the activity of a radioactive source to fall to half its original value.
Key terms

Physics glossary

What is half-life?
Half-life is the time taken for half the unstable nuclei in a radioactive sample to decay, or the time for the activity of a radioactive source to fall to half its original value.
Spotlight
Understanding Half-Life

Half-life is the time taken for the number of radioactive nuclei (or the activity of a sample) to halve. Each radioactive isotope has a fixed, characteristic half-life that cannot be changed by any physical or chemical process.

Exam tip

Earn the mark scheme marks

🧠 Memory Aids

Half-life calculation method: Use the "halving chain" — write out each step:

Start → ÷2 → ÷2 → ÷2 → ...

Count how many times you had to divide to get to your answer. That's how many half-lives have passed.

Remembering activity unit: "BecQuerel = Becquerel's Quantity per second" — he discovered radioactivity, so the unit is named after him. 1 Bq = 1 decay/second.

Graph reading tip: Always draw your horizontal and vertical construction lines on graph questions — examiners look for this evidence of method and award marks for it even if you misread the value slightly.

Now try it yourself

Quiz · Question 1 of 15

What is the definition of half-life?

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