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- Gene
- A section of DNA that codes for a specific polypeptide (protein). It is a specific sequence of base pairs on a chromosome.
- Transcription
- The process by which the base sequence of a gene is used to produce a complementary mRNA molecule, carried out by RNA polymerase in the nucleus.
- Translation
- The process by which the base sequence of mRNA is decoded at the ribosome to produce a specific sequence of amino acids (a polypeptide).
- mRNA (messenger RNA)
- A single-stranded RNA molecule produced during transcription. It carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosome.
- tRNA (transfer RNA)
- A small RNA molecule that carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome during translation. Each tRNA has an anticodon complementary to a specific mRNA codon.
- Codon
- A sequence of three bases on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid (or a start/stop signal). There are 64 possible codons.
- Anticodon
- A sequence of three bases on tRNA that is complementary to the corresponding mRNA codon. The anticodon allows the tRNA to bind to the correct codon during translation.
- Peptide bond
- The covalent bond formed between adjacent amino acids during translation at the ribosome, linking them into a polypeptide chain.
- Polypeptide
- A chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. A polypeptide folds into a specific three-dimensional shape to become a functional protein.
- Genetic code
- The set of rules by which codons in mRNA specify amino acids. It is a triplet code, degenerate (multiple codons per amino acid), and universal (same in almost all organisms).
- Substitution mutation
- A point mutation in which one base in the DNA sequence is replaced by a different base. Affects at most one codon.
- Deletion mutation
- A mutation in which one or more bases are removed from the DNA sequence, causing a frameshift that alters all subsequent codons.
- Frameshift mutation
- A mutation caused by insertion or deletion of bases (not in multiples of three), which shifts the reading frame of all subsequent codons.
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