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The process in order — "DNA Makes Proteins"
- DNA → template for transcription
- MRNA → leaves nucleus through nuclear pores
- Polypeptide → assembled at ribosome by tRNA
Or remember: TRANScription → TRANSlation — the second step is "translating" the RNA language into protein language.
Base pairing rule — "AUGC stays the same; T becomes U"
In transcription (DNA→mRNA): A pairs with U, T pairs with A, G pairs with C, C pairs with G.
The only difference from DNA-DNA pairing is T on DNA becomes U on mRNA.
Codon vs Anticodon — "The key goes in the lock"
- The mRNA codon is the lock (fixed in place on the ribosome)
- The tRNA anticodon is the key (the tRNA moves in, matches, and delivers its amino acid)
- The key is complementary to the lock — if codon is AUG, anticodon is UAC
Sickle cell — "GAG to GTG = Glu to Val = sickle"
One A→T substitution in DNA. One G→U change in mRNA codon. Glutamic acid (polar, water-loving) → Valine (non-polar, water-hating). Haemoglobin sticks together. Red blood cells sickle.
Mutations — "Sub is small; Del Destroys"
- Substitution = small effect (one codon at most)
- Deletion/Insertion = Destroys reading frame (frameshift — all subsequent codons wrong)
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